If you want to hear what each sound is like, just select it in the list after turning up the volume of course. These are system sounds and they are heard when certain events occur, like notifications, warnings, message boxes and so on. On the Sound Effects tab is a list of all the alert sounds. The Sound properties window is displayed.
The Mac's audio settings are in System Preferences, so go to the Apple menu in the top left corner, select System Preferences and then click the Sound icon. You might think that adjusting the audio volume on an Apple Mac is straightforward, but there are features you may not be aware of that can make life easier.